The response styles theory of depression nolenhoeksema, 1991 conceptualizes rumination as repetitive and passive thinking about symptoms of depression and the possible. The ruminative response scale rrs is a shortened selfreport scale of 10 items developed by gonzalez, nolenhoeksema, and treynor. Emailing resources to clients is restricted to only the advanced and team plans. The original rsq consisted of four different subscales with a total of 71 items.
Psychometric properties of the 10item ruminative response. Response styles questionnaire ruminative responses scale 52 visual analogue scales 53 goal cueing task 53 word generation task 54. Development and assessment of brief versions of the penn. Ruminative response scale pdf please find enclosed a copy of the ruminative responses scale we have been using in much of our research on response styles for depression. A sample of 5,236 university students finished the rrs and the center for epidemiological. The rrs consists of 22items that assess ruminative responses to sad and depressed mood. This preliminary study investigated whether, in depressed adolescents, cognitivebehaviour therapy reduces moodrelated ruminative response style. The ruminative response scale rrsshort form is one of the most widely used selfreported measures of rumination, comprising ten items and describing the factors of brooding and reflection. Rumination is a negative coping strategy defined as repetitive and passive focusing on negative feelings such as depression.
Rumination is considered a specific cognitive vulnerability factor that is thought to play a prominent role in the maintenance of depressive symptoms. These subscales are used to seek differential correlations with other variables of. This short rumination scale simply sums the scores. Ruminative responses scale rrs subscale of the response styles questionnaire rsq. The ruminative responses scale rrs is the most widely selfreport instrument used to assess individual differences in the tendency to engage in ruminative responses style. Each item are rated on a 4point likert scale ranging from 1 never to 4 always. People with depression tend to dwell on their dilemmas, making it even harder to break depressions. After constructing a measure of rumination unconfounded with depression content, support for a. Translation and initial validation of the japanese version. This process has been studied by the late susan nolenhoeksma, who was a professor in psychology at yale university. The rumination scale of the responses to stress questionnaire places rumination in the larger context of coping and emotion regu.
Two years after the study reported here was conducted. Our main goal was to test the hypothesis that individuals characterized by frequent automatic thoughts involving perfectionistic themes would also be. The ruminative response scale rrs and beck depression inventory bdiii were used to achieve the purpose of the study. Rumination and uncertainty andrew ward swarthmore college sonja lyubomirsky lorie sousa university of california, riverside susan nolenhoeksema.
D 3 think about your feelings of fatigue and achiness d 4 think about how hard it is to concentrate d. This is a very straightforward scale item, all items are just summed. Rumination and repetitive thought is a transdiagnostic maintenance process underpinning a range of difficulties. Ruminative response style and vulnerability to episodes of dysphoria. Principal component analysis of a minimally modified ruminative response scale. The rrs was initially developed as a subscale of the response styles questionnaire rsq by nolenhoeksema and morrow 1991. Psychometric properties of the ruminative response scale. The results of the current study revealed that severity of depression positively significantly correlated with ruminative thoughts p 0. Rethinking rumination susan nolenhoeksema,1 blair e.
The ruminative response scale rrs is a widelyused instrument to measure rumination, but there is continuing argument about the construct validity of the rrs, because of probable overlap between the measurement of depression and that of. The ruminative response scale rrsshort form is one of the most widely used measures of rumination, comprising ten items and two components. Response scale rrs10 in a large undergraduate sample. This study was aimed to examine the psychometric properties of the chinese version of the 10item ruminative response scale rrs10 in a large undergraduate sample. The ruminative response scale rrs is frequently used selfreport measure of depressive rumination in both research and clinical practice to assess the severity of depressive rumination.
There are a number of available measures for the assessment of rumination, including the response styles questionnaireruminative responses scale, 40 the rumination questionnaire, 41 the rumination inventory, 2 and the pcs. In a study comparing the bg, the dg and the control group in the depressive stage using the ruminative response scale rrs, it was reported that the type i and ii. This score seems to be allowed to be used by researchers, given that the relevant work by nolenhoeksma and colleagues is acknowledged and cited. The original rsq consisted of four different subscales with a total of 71.
Rumination scale pdf please find enclosed a copy of the ruminative responses scale we have been using. Gotlib3 a number of recent laboratory and prospective field studies suggest that the tendency. Results indicated that compared to control participants, people with bpd and mdd endorsed heightened rumination in response to negative affect, but only those with bpd endorsed elevated rumination in. The current study examined the extent to which dimensions of perfectionism are associated with a ruminative response orientation and the experience of cognitive intrusions in response to stressful events. Wisco,1 and sonja lyubomirsky2 1yale university and 2university of california, riverside abstractthe response styles theory nolenhoeksema, 1991 was proposed to explain the insidious relationship betweenruminationanddepression. The 10item ruminative responses scale is used to measure two facets of rumination. The short version of ruminative response scale sciencedirect. Rumination has a crucial role in the onset, severity and maintenance of depression in adolescent and adult populations. Please find enclosed a copy of the ruminative responses scale we have been using in much of our research on response styles for depression. The rrs consists of 22 items that are responded on a 4point likerttype scale. The present study investigated the psychometric properties of two measures of rumination, the ruminative response scale rrs and the rumination on sadness scale rss in undergraduates n331. Psychometric properties of the 10item ruminative response scale in.
Pdf the short version of ruminative response scale. Psychometric properties and factor structure of the. Whether specific factors within the rumination scale were differentially affected by cbt is also reported. Author links open overlay panel jeffrey roelofs a peter muris b marcus huibers a frenk peeters c arnoud arntz a. Distracting response scale, problemsolving scale, dangerous activities scale, and ruminative response scale. Ruminative response scale, factor structure, measurement invariance, gender and age, chinese adolescents.
In an attempt to eliminate similar item content as an alternative explanation for the relation between depression and rumination, a secondary analysis was conducted using the data from s. Overcoming depression and ruminative thinking depression. Brooding and reflection reconsidered stanford university. This study was designed to examine structural validity and reliability of short version of the ruminative response scale rrs developed by treynor, gonzalez, and nolenhoeksema 2003. Main study used data from 209 elderly people 6090 years, m age. Crosscultural validity of the ruminative responses scale. Factor structure of the ruminative responses scale. The ruminative response scale rrs is a selfreport questionnaire, which includes 22 items describing responses to depressed mood which distributed across three subscales. A psychometric evaluation of the ruminative response scale and the rumination on sadness scale in undergraduates. Responses can be acting or thinking about the depressive symptoms and thinking about possible causes and. Thedgandthebghave not yet been compared in this aspect. Although past research has shown a correlation between ruminative response style and depression.
A moodrelated ruminative response style increases the risk of onset and persistence of depression. The ruminative response scale rrs, a selfreport measure of describing ones responses to depressed mood, consists of 22 items and three. Pilot testing indicated soundness of psychometric properties for these scales. Factor structure of the ruminative response scale and. A 10item version of the rrs rrssf has been developed by removing the items that overlap with items of depression measures. Rumination, optimism, and psychological wellbeing among. Ruminative response scale and the 10item ruminative response scale the ruminative response scale rrs, a selfreport measure of describing ones responses to depressed mood, consists of 22 items and three factors depression, brooding, and reflection. Automatic thoughts, cognitive distortions, dysfunctional. Crosscultural adaptation, reliability, and validity of. Psychometric properties and factor structure of the ruminative.
Psychometric properties and factor structure of the ruminative responses scale short form in colombia. Pdf psychometric properties of the 10item ruminative response. The present study evaluated the factor structure of treynor et al. Perfectionism cognitions, rumination, and psychological. Ruminative responses to negative and positive affect among. Ruminative response style and vulnerability to episodes of. The ruminative response scale rrs is the most used measure of rumination in response to depressive mood. Using the penn state worry questionnaire pswq and the ruminative response scale rrs as gold standard starting points, brief versions of these measures were developed in a large sample of adolescents n 1,952 and results were cross. This information sheet explores the consequences of different thinking styles. Rumination is the process of compulsively focused attention on the symptoms of ones distress, and on its possible causes and consequences, as opposed to its solutions nolenhoeksema, 1998. The ruminative responses scale rrs is a measure of depressive rumination and, although several versions have been developed, the version by treynor and colleagues has been used most frequently in research. For full information on the psychometric qualities of this scale, please see treynor, gonzalez, and nolenhoeksema 2003, cognitive therapy and research, 27, 247259. These two factors were derived using data from a randomly. Although frequently used in the united states, the ruminative response scale rrs has not been extensively studied in crosscultural samples.
View the article pdf and any associated supplements and figures for a period of 48 hours. Rumination is the process of compulsively focused attention on the symptoms of ones distress, and on its possible causes and consequences. Ruminationfocused cognitive behaviour therapy 6 ruminative response scale of the response styles questionnaire rrs26. The effects of cognitivebehavioural therapy on mood.
Rumination increases vulnerability to depression, exacerbates and perpetuates negative moods. Psychometric properties of the ruminative response scaleshort. This study was designed to examine structural validity and reliability of short version of the ruminative response scale rrs developed by treynor, gonzalez. Ruminative thoughts and their relation to depression and. Ruminative thoughts and severity of depression among. Nolenhoeksema and colleagues have been instrumental in advancing our knowledge of ruminative thinking in depression.
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